今天好教育好教育小編（HaojiaOyu.nEt）整理了2023年1月13日雅思閱讀真題回憶解析 2023年4月雅思考試（4月10日）閱讀真題答案相關(guān)信息，希望在這方面能夠更好的大家。

本文目錄一覽：

• 1、2023年1月13日雅思閱讀真題回憶解析
• 2、2023年4月雅思考試（4月10日）閱讀真題答案
• 3、2023年雅思閱讀真題全面解析及答案(3)

2023年1月13日雅思閱讀真題回憶解析

您好，我是專注留學(xué)考試規(guī)劃和留學(xué)咨詢的小鐘老師。在追尋留學(xué)夢想的路上，選擇合適的學(xué)校和專業(yè)，準(zhǔn)備相關(guān)考試，都可能讓人感到迷茫和困擾。作為一名有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的留學(xué)顧問，我在此為您提供全方位的專業(yè)咨詢和指導(dǎo)。歡迎隨時(shí)提問！ 雅思考試是重要的考試之一，那么雅思真題是怎么樣呢?不少人對此比較感興趣，和小鐘老師一起來看看2023年1月13日雅思閱讀真題回憶解析!歡迎閱讀。 2023年1月13日雅思閱讀真題回憶解析 此次考試，第一篇和第三篇難度較小，第二篇難度較大，比較耗時(shí)。 Passage 1 題目 石油 話題分類 社會科學(xué) 題型及對應(yīng)數(shù)量 T/F/NG（判斷題）7 Short Answer Questions（填空題）6 內(nèi)容回憶 文章大意：城市擴(kuò)張能源緊缺，需要尋找新能源替代傳統(tǒng)能源，有人對此進(jìn)行了研究，并投資建立了公司。 答案： 1-7）判斷 1.城市擴(kuò)張需要這種石油去取代傳統(tǒng)能源True 2.提取這種石油成分的科學(xué)家對于生產(chǎn)這種能源沒有興趣。False 3.很多人聲稱提取出來的成分是可以用來治療疾病的。NG 4.研究人是相信這種成分是可以作為燃料來使用的。TRUE 5.In the 1985s,裝這種石油的容器比這種石油本身要貴。TRUE 6.FALSE 7.第一條管道的建立收到了工人的*。TRUE 8-13）問答 8.創(chuàng)建的公司叫什么名字。standard oil 9.oil refiners 10.一個(gè)人從亞洲運(yùn)回的除了油還有什么東西。sugar 11.運(yùn)輸用的紅的桶使用什么材料制成的。Welsh tin 12.為什么做慈善，因?yàn)榈昧?關(guān)節(jié)炎 13.在什么領(lǐng)域進(jìn)行了投資：Medical research 參考閱讀 Passage 2 題目 Yawning打哈欠 話題分類 人文科學(xué) 題型及數(shù)量 段落信息匹配5 細(xì)節(jié)信息匹配 4 Summary（填空題）4 內(nèi)容回憶 文章大意：對于打哈欠的研究 答案回憶： 14-18）Matching 14.C imagining leads to yawning 15.D occupation and inclination to yawning 16.A overview of research 17.B body temperature and yawning 18.B disapprove of a theory 19-22) Matching 有三個(gè)學(xué)校進(jìn)行了研究，將三個(gè)學(xué)校跟四個(gè)研究成果進(jìn)行配對 19.B not difference in gender 20.C mental disorder 21.A the way we breathe 22.B trained yawn more than the untrained 23-26)Summary 23.bond 24.danger 25.rest 26.acommunicationsystem 文章： AWhen a scientist began to study yawning in the 1980s, it was difficult to convince some of his research students of the merits of“yawning science.”Although it may appear quirky (詭異) his decision to study yawning was a logical extension to human beings ofmy research in developmental neuroscience, reported in such papers as“Wing-flapping during Development and Evolution.” As a neurobehavioral problem, there is not much difference betweenthe wing-flapping of birds and the face- and body-flapping of human yawners. BYawning is an ancient, primitive act. Humans do it even before they are born, opening wide in the womb (*) . Some snakes unhinge their jaws to do it. One species of penguins yawns as part of mating. Only now are researchers beginning to understand why weyawn, when we yawn and why we yawn back. A professor of cognitive neuroscience at Drexel University in Philadelphia, Steven Platek, studies the act of contagious yawning, something done only by people and other primates. CIn his first experiment, he used a psychological test to rank people on their empathic (感情嵌入的) feelings. He found that participants who did not score high on compassion did not yawn back.“We literally had people saying,‘Why am I looking at people yawning?” Professor Platek said. “It just had no effect.” DFor his second experiment, he put 10 students in an magnetic resonance imaging machine as they watched video tapes of people yawning. When the students watched the videos, the part of the brain which reacted was the part scientists believe controls empathy–the posterior cingulate (皮層的) , in the brain’s middle rear.”I don’t know if it’s necessarily that nice people yawn more, but 1 think it’s a good indicator of a state of mind,”said Professor Platek.“It’s also a good indicator if you’re empathizing with me and paying attention.” EHis third experiment is studying yawning in those with brain disorders, such as auti* and schizophrenia, in which victims have difficulty connecting emotionally with others. A psychology professor at the University of Maryland, Robert Provine, is one of the few other researchers into yawning. He found the basic yawn lasts about six seconds and they come in bouts with an interval of about 68 seconds. Men and women yawn or half-yawn equally often, but men are significantly less likely to cover their mouths which may indicate complex distinction in genders.”A watched yawner never yawns，,”Professor Provine said. However, the physical root of yawning remains a mystery. Some researchers say it’s coordinated within the hypothalamus (下丘腦) of the brain, the area that also controls breathing. FYawning and stretching also share properties and may be performed together as parts of a global motor complex. But they do not always co-occur—people usually yawn when we stretch, but we don’t always stretch when we yawn, especially before bedtime. Studiesby J. I. P , G. H. A. Visser and H. F. Prechtl in the early 1980s, charting movement in the developing fetus using ultrasound, observed not just yawning but a link between yawning and stretching as early as the end of the first prenatal trimester (預(yù)產(chǎn)期）. GThe most extraordinary demonstration of the yawn-stretch linkage occurs in many people paralyzed on one side of their body because of brain damage caused by a stroke. The prominent British neurologist Sir Francis Walshe noted in 1923 that when these hemiplegics yawn, they are startled and mystified to observe that their otherwise paralyzed arm rises and flexes automatically in what neurologists term an“associated response.” Yawning apparently activates. undamaged, unconsciously controlled connections between the brain and the cord motor system innervating the paralyzed (癱瘓的) limb. It is not known whether the associated response is a positive prognosis for recovery, nor whether yawning is therapeutic for reinnervation(再生) or prevention of muscular atrophy. HClinical neurology offers other surprises. Some patients with“l(fā)ocked-in” syndrome, who are almost totally deprived of the ability to move voluntarily, can yawn normally. The neural circuits for spontaneous yawning must exist in the brain stem near other respiratory and vasomotor centers, because yawning is performed by anencephalic(無腦畸形) who possess only the medulla oblongata (脊髓延髓). The multiplicity of stimuli of contagious yawning, by contrast, implicates many higher brain regions. 參考閱讀 Passage 3 題目 Cinematographer新西蘭電影 話題分類 人文科學(xué) 題型及數(shù)量 Y/N/NG（判斷題）4 Multiple Choices（選擇題）5 Summary（填空題）5 內(nèi)容回憶 文章大意：介紹了新西蘭的電影業(yè)，一開始文章提到了大家不了解電影攝影師的重要性也不了解攝影師和導(dǎo)演之間的關(guān)系。文章介紹了一名攝影師，這個(gè)攝影師在藝術(shù)和技術(shù)方面都很優(yōu)秀，與優(yōu)秀的女演員合作，兩個(gè)人創(chuàng)造了很多經(jīng)典的銀幕形象。文章介紹了新西蘭電影的發(fā)展以及對其的一些評價(jià)。 答案回憶： 27-30）判斷題 27.cinematographer作用是幫助觀眾把關(guān)注點(diǎn)放在導(dǎo)演希望他們注意的點(diǎn)上。YES 28.cinematographer和director關(guān)系差NG 29.電影攝影師需要藝術(shù)和技術(shù)方面的能力。YES 30.兩個(gè)人（一個(gè)攝影師一個(gè)女演員）工作時(shí)關(guān)系差。NG 31-36)選擇題 31.文章講新西蘭電影是為想要說明什么：說明新西蘭早期電影比較簡單，跟其他國家比，較差。 32.講的一部新西蘭電影（兩個(gè)單詞開頭都是B）這個(gè)電影跟新西蘭其他電影相比取得了突破，比較成功。 33.還是說這部新西蘭電影，說攝影師用了什么拍攝手法：用比較個(gè)人的風(fēng)格展示了一個(gè)國家，城市和人民 34.講問一個(gè)導(dǎo)演的第二部電影，（攝影師換了，換成了新人，手法比較寫實(shí)，跟上一部不一樣），選的是這部電影有unique version. 35.講的還是這個(gè)導(dǎo)演第三部電影，問作者覺得他這部電影不好在哪里：故事線過于松散story line(loose). 36-40) Summary（選詞填空） 36.文章講了70年代電影關(guān)注countryside，選項(xiàng)rural areas 37.文章講難度在environment， 選項(xiàng)：weather 38.講解決問題的：rental company 39.還有一個(gè)問題是通過解決，文章說management，選項(xiàng)是：good leadership 40.最后一個(gè)是新西蘭電影從業(yè)者與世界其他地方比的優(yōu)勢：文章說大家一起合作。選項(xiàng)是greater equality 以上是好教育小編（HaojiaOyu.nEt）精心整理的2023年1月13日雅思真題回憶解析，謝謝瀏覽。 希望以上的答復(fù)能對您的留學(xué)申請有所幫助。如果您有任何更詳細(xì)的問題或需要進(jìn)一步的協(xié)助，我強(qiáng)烈推薦您訪問我們的留學(xué)官方網(wǎng)站 ，在那里您可以找到更多專業(yè)的留學(xué)考試規(guī)劃和留學(xué)資料以及*的咨詢服務(wù)。祝您留學(xué)申請順利！

2023年4月雅思考試（4月10日）閱讀真題答案

您好，我是專注留學(xué)考試規(guī)劃和留學(xué)咨詢的小鐘老師。在追尋留學(xué)夢想的路上，選擇合適的學(xué)校和專業(yè)，準(zhǔn)備相關(guān)考試，都可能讓人感到迷茫和困擾。作為一名有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的留學(xué)顧問，我在此為您提供全方位的專業(yè)咨詢和指導(dǎo)。歡迎隨時(shí)提問！ 想要去出國留學(xué)，就必須要去完成雅思考試，并且要在該考試?yán)锬玫讲诲e(cuò)的分?jǐn)?shù)。如果大家在考試前有看過以往考試的真題以及答案解析，對于自己的考試是有很多用處的。那么今天就到小鐘老師來看一看雅思考試2023年4月10日雅思閱讀部分的考試真題答案。 2023年4月10日雅思閱讀真題及答案： Passage 1 主題：自助超市 題型：填空+ 匹配+選擇 Passage 2 主題： 水母泛濫的原因及影響 題型：匹配+填空+多選 Passage 3 主題：人類的進(jìn)化 題型：判斷+單選+填空 為何雅思考試閱讀總是做不完： 基礎(chǔ)薄弱導(dǎo)致讀太慢： 很多童鞋的基礎(chǔ)不夠好，主要體現(xiàn)在詞匯量不夠及語法掌握不牢，這就會導(dǎo)致題目文章理解困難，分不清復(fù)雜句結(jié)構(gòu)，導(dǎo)致抓不住重點(diǎn)。 針對這兩點(diǎn)你需要做的是： 1、牢固掌握雅思閱讀高頻詞 2、對文章進(jìn)行生詞和同義替換的總結(jié) 同意替換詞是雅思閱讀最大的出題點(diǎn)，自己進(jìn)行總結(jié)，能幫助自己更深入的理解。 3、掌握雅思閱讀重點(diǎn)句型 雅思閱讀重在轉(zhuǎn)折、并列、因果等邏輯上的考察，補(bǔ)好基礎(chǔ)語法后，需要在這些邏輯句型上花費(fèi)更多的時(shí)間去掌握。 長時(shí)間緊扣單個(gè)句子： 很多同學(xué)會對每個(gè)單詞逐一停頓，并逐一翻譯地閱讀，強(qiáng)迫癥式地想完全理解每句話的意思，這樣會浪費(fèi)很多時(shí)間，也完全沒有必要。 在雅思閱讀中，要以意群、句子，甚至幾個(gè)句子為一個(gè)單位移動，必要的時(shí)候進(jìn)行跳讀。 掌握基礎(chǔ)語法和邏輯后，讀不懂的快讀，讀得懂的抓住重點(diǎn)。 還有同學(xué)低聲朗讀或嘴唇蠕動著默讀，用手或筆指著卷面一排排地導(dǎo)讀，這些都是嚴(yán)重影響閱讀速度的壞習(xí)慣，現(xiàn)在開始，童鞋們就應(yīng)有意識的抑制這些習(xí)慣性行為。 時(shí)間快用完時(shí)緊張負(fù)面情緒： 在考場上，很多同學(xué)越想按時(shí)完成越是緊張。一旦一篇文章沒有及時(shí)做完，后面就慢慢心態(tài)崩了... 其實(shí)，大家的目標(biāo)不是9分的話，就不是 非得做完全部的題目，最重要的是，保證已做的題全部正確。 所以在平常的練習(xí)中，先保證正確率，前期可以仔細(xì)地慢慢做，做到每題全對； 后期熟練做題并牢固掌握詞匯語法后，要在1小時(shí)內(nèi)達(dá)到40個(gè)全對的目標(biāo)，第一遍對錯(cuò)誤的題進(jìn)行總結(jié)，第二遍繼續(xù)練習(xí)直到1小時(shí)內(nèi)全對為止。 最后，不能單純追求詞匯量的提高，真正掌握一個(gè)單詞在語境中的意思，比自我感動式的狂刷單詞有用得多。 雅思考試閱讀有哪些考試順序： 1、何為“順序原則” “順序原則”即雅思官方在題型特點(diǎn)注釋中所述的“Answers are in passage order.”說的復(fù)雜一些，便是：若某一題型符合“Answers are in passage order”的描述，該題型所包含的幾個(gè)題目的答案在文中分布的相應(yīng)位置隨題號的變大而逐漸靠后。Sounds like a mouthful， right？ 簡而言之吧，就是這種題型考生可以順著題號一題一題地往文章更靠后的位置找，比較符合正常人的閱讀習(xí)慣（相信很少有人上來先讀一篇文章的第三段，或者第四段吧）。 2、順序原則與題型 宏觀地看一篇雅思閱讀文章包涵的全部題型，答案分布的順序也符合題型出現(xiàn)的先后順序，例如全文包含先判斷題，后填空題這兩種題型，則較有可能出現(xiàn)的情況是判斷題答案分布在文章的前半部分，而填空題在文章后半部分。例如： 劍橋雅思真題集系列7，Test 4 Passage 1： 前7題判斷題分布于前6個(gè)段落，剩下的段落填空題分布于第9段，和前面7段無關(guān)。 3、順序原則之于解題的指導(dǎo)方針 最后來說說順序原則和解題過程的關(guān)系。兩者的關(guān)系主要體現(xiàn)在前者對如何讀題干的影響。對于遵守順序題型的題型，考生在審閱題干時(shí)候可以選擇審一題解一題的做法，因?yàn)橄嚓P(guān)內(nèi)容在文中按順序出現(xiàn)，這樣做考生也會感到循序漸進(jìn)，脈絡(luò)清楚。當(dāng)然，選擇在一開始講該題型的每個(gè)題干都審閱一遍也未嘗不可，可先完成較容易定位的題目，再活用順序原則，縮小較難定位題目所需的搜索范圍。對于亂序題型，特別是段落信息配對題，考生須在文中搜索答案之前審閱全部題干，最好讀兩遍以加深印象：因?yàn)樾畔⒃谖闹械姆植紴閬y序，所以第1題的信息有可能出現(xiàn)在比如，倒數(shù)第二段，而我們的閱讀順序，如前文所述，肯定是從頭段至尾段的。若讀一題做一題便可能會出現(xiàn)做一題就耗去讀全篇的時(shí)間，得不償失。題號大的題目在這一題型中是很有可能比題號小的題目更早做出來的。 希望以上的答復(fù)能對您的留學(xué)申請有所幫助。如果您有任何更詳細(xì)的問題或需要進(jìn)一步的協(xié)助，我強(qiáng)烈推薦您訪問我們的留學(xué)官方網(wǎng)站 ，在那里您可以找到更多專業(yè)的留學(xué)考試規(guī)劃和留學(xué)資料以及*的咨詢服務(wù)。祝您留學(xué)申請順利！

2023年雅思閱讀真題全面解析及答案(3)

您好，我是專注留學(xué)考試規(guī)劃和留學(xué)咨詢的小鐘老師。在追尋留學(xué)夢想的路上，選擇合適的學(xué)校和專業(yè)，準(zhǔn)備相關(guān)考試，都可能讓人感到迷茫和困擾。作為一名有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的留學(xué)顧問，我在此為您提供全方位的專業(yè)咨詢和指導(dǎo)。歡迎隨時(shí)提問！ 小鐘老師為大家?guī)?023年雅思閱讀真題全面解析及答案(3)，歡迎大家參考!更多相關(guān)內(nèi)容請關(guān)注本站! 2023年雅思閱讀真題全面解析及答案(3) Can Scientists tell us: What happiness is? A Economists accept that if people describe themselves as happy, then they are happy. However, psychologists differentiate between levels of happiness. The most immediate type involves a feeling; pleasure or joy. But sometimes happiness is a judgment that life is satisfying, and does not imply an emotional state. Esteemed psychologist Martin Seligman has spearheaded an effort to study the science of happiness. The bad news is that we're not wired to be happy. The good news is that we can do something about it. Since its origins in a Leipzig laboratory 130 years ago, psychology has had little to say about goodness and contentment. Mostly psychologists have concerned themselves with weakness and misery. There are libraries full of theories about why we get sad, worried, and angry. It hasn't been respectable science to study what happens when lives go well. Positive experiences, such as joy, kindness, altrui* and heroi*, have mainly been ignored. For every 100 psychology papers dealing with anxiety or depression, only one concerns a positive trait. B A few pioneers in experimental psychology bucked the trend. Professor Alice Isen of Cornell University and colleagues have demonstrated how positive emotions make people think faster and more creatively. Showing how easy it is to give people an intellectual boost, Isen divided doctors making a tricky diagnosis into three groups: one received candy, one read humanistic statements about medicine, one was a control group. The doctors who had candy displayed the most creative thinking and worked more efficiently. Inspired by Isen and others, Seligman got stuck in. He raised millions of dollars of research money and funded 50 research groups involving 150 scientists across the world. Four positive psychology centres opened, decorated in cheerful colours and furnished with sofas and baby-sitters. There were get-togethers on Mexican beaches where psychologists would snorkel and eat fajitas, then form "pods" to discuss subjects such as wonder and awe. A thousand therapists were coached in the new science. C But critics are demanding answers to big questions. What is the point of defining levels of happiness and classifying the virtues? Aren't these concepts vague and impossible to pin down? Can you justify spending funds to research positive states when there are problems such as famine, flood and epidemic depression to be solved? Seligman knows his work can be belittled alongside trite notions such as "the power of positive thinking". His plan to stop the new science floating "on the waves of self- improvement fashions" is to make sure it is anchored to positive philosophy above, and to positive biology below. D And this takes us back to our evolutionary past. Homo sapiens evolved during the Pleistocene era (1.8 m to 10,000 years ago), a time of hardship and turmoil. It was the Ice Age, and our ancestors endured long freezes as glaciers formed, then ferocious floods as the ice masses melted. We shared the planet with terrifying creatures such as mammoths, elephant-sized ground sloths and sabre-toothed cats. But by the end of the Pleistocene, all these animals were extinct. Humans, on the other hand, had evolved large brains and used their intelligence to make fire and sophisticated tools, to develop talk and social rituals. Survival in a time of adversity forged our brains into a persistent mould. Professor Seligman says: "Because our brain evolved during a time of ice, flood and famine, we have a catastrophic brain. The way the brain works is looking for what's wrong. The problem is, that worked in the Pleistocene era. It favoured you, but it doesn't work in the modem world." E Although most people rate themselves as happy, there is a wealth of evidence to show that negative thinking is deeply ingrained in the human psyche. Experiments show that we remember failures more vividly than successes. We dwell on what went badly, not what went well. Of the six universal emotions, four anger, fear, disgust and sadness are negative and only one, joy, is positive. The sixth, surprise, is psychologist Daniel Nettle, author of Happiness, and one of the Royal Institution lecturers, the negative emotions each tell us "something bad has happened" and suggest a different course of action. F What is it about the structure of the brain that underlies our bias towards negative thinking? And is there a biology of joy? At Iowa University, neuroscientists studied what happens when people are shown pleasant and unpleasant pictures. When subjects see landscapes or dolphins playing, part of the frontal lobe of the brain becomes active. But when they are shown unpleasant images a bird covered in oil, or a dead soldier with part of his face missing the response comes from more primitive parts of the brain. The ability to feel negative emotions derives from an ancient danger-recognition system formed early in the brain's evolution. The pre-frontal cortex, which registers happiness, is the part used for higher thinking, an area that evolved later in human history. G Our difficulty, according to Daniel Nettle, is that the brain systems for liking and wanting are separate. Wanting involves two ancient regions the amygdala and the nucleus accumbens that communicate using the chemical dopamine to form the brain's reward system. They are involved in anticipating the pleasure of eating and in addiction to drugs. A rat will press a bar repeatedly, ignoring sexually available partners, to receive electrical stimulation of the "wanting" parts of the brain. But having received brain stimulation, the rat eats more but shows no sign of enjoying the food it craved. In humans, a drug like nicotine produces much craving but little pleasure. H In essence, what the biology lesson tells us is that negative emotions are fundamental to the human condition, and ifs no wonder they are difficult to eradicate. At the same time, by a trick of nature, our brains are designed to crave but never really achieve lasting happiness. Question 14-20 The reading passage has seven paragraphs A-H. Which paragraph contains the following information? Write the correct letter A-H, in boxes 14-20 on your answer sheet. 14 An experiment involving dividing several groups one of which received positive icon 15 Review of a poorly researched psychology area 16 Contrast being made about the brain’s action as response to positive or negative stimulus 17 The skeptical attitude toward the research seemed to be a waste of fund 18 a substance that produces much wanting instead of much liking 19 a conclusion that lasting happiness are hardly obtained because of the nature of brains 20 One description that listed the human emotional categories Question 21-25 Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using no more than four words from the Reading Passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 21-25 on your answer sheet. A few pioneers in experimental psychology study what happens when lives go well. Professor Alice divided doctors, making a tricky experiment, into three groups: beside the one control group, the other two either are asked to read humanistic statements about drugs, or received …21... The latter displayed the most creative thinking and worked more efficiently. Since critics are questioning the significance of the …22…for both levels of happiness and classification for the virtues. Professor Seligman countered in an evolutional theory: survival in a time of adversity forged our brains into the way of thinking for what's wrong because we have a…23… There is bountiful of evidence to show that negative thinking is deeply built in the human psyche. Later, at Iowa University, neuroscientists studied the active parts in brains to contrast when people are shown pleasant and unpleasant pictures. When positive images like…24…are shown, part of the frontal lobe of the brain becomes active. But when they are shown unpleasant image, the response comes from …25…of the brain. Question 26 Write your answers in boxes 26 on your answer sheet. Choose the correct letter. A, B, C or D. According to Daniel Nettle in the last two paragraphs, what is true as the scientists can tell us about happiness A Brain systems always mix liking and wanting together. B Negative emotions can be easily rid of if we think positively. C Happiness is like nicotine we are craving for but get little pleasure. D The inner mechani* of human brains does not assist us to achieve durable happiness. 文章題目：科學(xué)家可以告訴我們什么是幸福嗎 篇章結(jié)構(gòu) 體裁 議論文 題目 科學(xué)家可以告訴我們什么是幸福嗎 結(jié)構(gòu) (一句話概括每段大意) A段: 關(guān)于幸福的早期心理學(xué)研究主流是負(fù)面情緒 B段: 少數(shù)心理學(xué)家研究正面情感帶給人的益處 C段: 批評家質(zhì)疑用積極思考來研究幸福的合理性 D段: 冰河世紀(jì)的古人類慣用消極思維模式 E段: 消極想法更容易被牢記 F段: 積極和消極想法的大腦結(jié)構(gòu)的生物學(xué)基礎(chǔ) G段: 區(qū)分喜歡和欲望是研究幸福的難點(diǎn) H段: 消極情緒是人類生存的基礎(chǔ) 試題分析 Question 14-26 題目類型： 題號 定位詞 文中對應(yīng)點(diǎn) 題目解析 14 Three groups B段第2句 B段講述了少數(shù)心理學(xué)家對積極情緒的研究。從第2句話開始，文章詳述了實(shí)驗(yàn)的方法，題干中的positive icon指代文中的candy。 本題答案為B 15 Ignored，only A段最后兩句 A段是關(guān)于早期心里學(xué)家研究幸福的方法。從該段最后兩句可以看出，積極的情緒在當(dāng)時(shí)的研究被ignored，并且在100個(gè)試驗(yàn)中，only one concerns a positive trait。這里的ignored/only/a都是在映射題干中的poorly researched。 本題答案選A 16 Structure of the brain F段第1句 F段講述了積極和消極想法的大腦結(jié)構(gòu)的生物學(xué)基礎(chǔ)。從第一句話的structure of brain可以看出，本段會研究brain action。 本題答案選F 17 Critics, big question C段第1句 C段是針對B段的觀點(diǎn)，批評家質(zhì)疑少數(shù)心理學(xué)家研究幸福的方式。從critics, big question, what is the point of…等地方，均可以看出題干中所述的skeptical attitude。 本題答案選C 18 Wanting, liking G段第1句 G段落主要講wanting和liking的在大腦系統(tǒng)中的區(qū)別。從第1句開始，該段多次出現(xiàn)wanting和liking。 所以本題答案選G 19 Brick of nature H段第2句 H段是全文最后一段，所以很容易于題干中的conclusion聯(lián)系在一起。另外在H段第 2句也出現(xiàn)了brick of nature,指代題干中的nature of brains。 本題答案選H 20 Six universal emotion E段中間 E段中提到了人類最基礎(chǔ)的六種情感，對應(yīng)題干中的human emotional categories。 本題答案選E 21 Candy B段 B段中詳細(xì)描述了實(shí)驗(yàn)的三個(gè)分組情況。Into three groups: one received candy, one… 所以本題可以從原文中直接找到答案為candy。 22 What is the point of defining… C段 從題干中的Since critics可得知此題對應(yīng)原文中的C段。該段第2句話what is the point of defining levels of happiness and classifying the virtues。所以本題需要填寫define的名詞definition。 23 Professor Seligman, adversity D段倒數(shù)第三局 D段倒數(shù)第3句：Professor Seligman says: because our brain evolved during a time of ice, flood and famine, we have a catastrophic brain。從題干中的Professor Seligman提示了答案應(yīng)該從這句話中尋找。另外題干中的adversity對應(yīng)了文章中的ice flood和famine。因此每題應(yīng)該填catastrophic brain 24 Pleasant picture E段第3句 E段第3句 講述了pleasant and unpleasant picture對人類大腦的影響，之后緊接著提到了landscapes and dolphins playing。可見這里的positive image應(yīng)該填文章中對應(yīng)的pleasant picture，即landscapes and dolphins playing。 25 Unpleasant images E段第4句 此題答案緊接著上一題。作者在E段中描述了pleasant picture之后，緊接著提到了unpleasant image(picture)。在該句的末尾處comes from more primitive parts of the brain可以找到改題的答案為 more primitive parts 26 Separate, deeply ingrained, wanting and liking, lasting happiness E、G、H段 A選項(xiàng): G段的第一句話brain system for liking and wanting are separate，因此選項(xiàng)中的mix together是錯(cuò)誤的。 B選項(xiàng): 在E段中，作者主要表述了消極思想和情感在大腦中會留下深刻的記憶，并很難被抹去: negative thinking is deeply ingrained in the human psyche。Deeply ingrained和題干中的be easily rid of矛盾。 C選項(xiàng)：G段最后一句，drug like nicotine produces much craving but little pleasure?？此婆c題干很吻合但是卻在意思上大相徑庭。G段的核心思想是在強(qiáng)調(diào)happiness和滿足wanting后的satisfaction是兩個(gè)概念。題干中的nicotine只是滿足了人類大腦的wanting，但是不會帶來pleasant，更不會帶來happiness。所以這個(gè)選項(xiàng)也是錯(cuò)誤的。 D選項(xiàng)：H段最后一句，our brain are designed to crave but never really achieve lasting happiness意思與題干一致，表述了由于大腦結(jié)構(gòu)導(dǎo)致了很難持續(xù)或者幸福感。 所以本題選D 參考譯文： 科學(xué)家可以告訴我們什么是幸福嗎 A 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家認(rèn)為，如果人們會把自己描述成幸福的，那么他們就是幸福的.然而 心理學(xué)家卻要區(qū)分不同幸福感之間的差別。幸福最中等的水平是一種開心或是快樂的感覺。但是有時(shí)幸福是對生活的一種評判，認(rèn)為生活是令人滿意的，而這似乎是不涉及感情范疇的。受人敬仰的心理學(xué)家Martin Seligman率先致力于關(guān)于幸福的研究。不幸的是，我們并不是天生就會感到幸福;而所幸的是，我們可以做一些關(guān)于幸福的事情。關(guān)于幸福的研究最早要追溯 到130年前在Leipzig的實(shí)驗(yàn)室，那時(shí)心理學(xué)對“善良”和“滿足”還知之甚少， 大部分的心理學(xué)家都在研究“軟弱”和“痛苦”。圖書館里的書涉及的理論都是關(guān)于我們?yōu)槭裁磿瘋?，?dān)憂和生氣這類的情緒。研究生活乎順時(shí)發(fā)生的事情在當(dāng)時(shí)看來是不靠譜的。積極正面的體驗(yàn)，比如說快樂，善良，利他主義和英雄主義在當(dāng)時(shí)常常是被人們忽略的。在每100篇關(guān)于焦慮和壓抑的心理學(xué)論文中，只有一篇會涉及積極的心理狀態(tài)。 B 少數(shù)的實(shí)驗(yàn)心理學(xué)家引領(lǐng)了有關(guān)幸福研究的潮流?？的螤柎髮W(xué)的Alice Isen教授和她的同事致力于研究正面的情感如何讓人們思維更敏捷以及更有創(chuàng)造力。為了展示正面的情感是怎樣迅速地提升一個(gè)人的智力，Isen教授通過一個(gè)巧妙的診斷將參加實(shí)驗(yàn)的醫(yī)生分為3組：一組收到了糖果，一組朗讀人本主義的宜言，一組則作為控制對照組，(實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明，)收到糖果的醫(yī)生的思維更具創(chuàng)造性同時(shí)工作也更高效，受到Isen教授和其他人的啟發(fā)，Seligman也投身關(guān)于幸描的研究，他等集到了幾百萬美金的研究經(jīng)費(fèi)，用以資助全世界150名科學(xué)家組成的50個(gè)研究小組。4家“積極心理學(xué)”中心成立，用令人愉悅的顏色裝飾， 配有沙發(fā)和保姆。心理學(xué)家聚集在墨西哥的沙灘上享受著潛水的樂趣，品嘗墨西哥菜肴fajitas，他們還分成小組討論有關(guān)“夸跡”和“敬畏"的話題。還有一千名臨床醫(yī)學(xué)家接受這項(xiàng)新科學(xué)項(xiàng)目的培訓(xùn)。 C 但是一些批評家要求心理學(xué)家回答一些重大的問題，比如說，什么是定義不同幸福水平的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)以及如何將這些特點(diǎn)分類?這些關(guān)于幸福的概念難道不是糢糊不清而且無法被這實(shí)的嗎?當(dāng)四處還有饑荒，洪水和經(jīng)濟(jì)蕭條的時(shí)候，將這些研究基金用于積極心態(tài)的研究合適嗎?Seligman知道他的工作會被別人輕看，還可能會被人冠以諸如“積極思考的力量”此類的陳詞濫調(diào)。因此，為了讓這樣新的科學(xué)研究不要浮于自我滿足的狀態(tài)，就要確保這項(xiàng)研完和“枳極心理學(xué)”相聯(lián)系，又以“枳極生物學(xué)”作為基礎(chǔ)。 D 這就需要我們回到人類的進(jìn)化史，人類是從更新世時(shí)代(180萬到1萬年前)開始進(jìn)化的，那是一個(gè)充滿艱難和動蕩的時(shí)代。在冰河世紀(jì)，我們的祖先先是忍受冰川形成的寒冷，然后是冰川消融時(shí)的泛濫的洪水。人們還得和那些令人毛骨悚然的生物比如說猛犸象和體型如大象般巨大的地懶以及長著銳利犬牙的貓共同生存。但是到了更新世的末期，所有的這些動物都滅絕了，人類卻進(jìn)化出了腦容量更大的大腦，并且通過自己的智力學(xué)會生火和*較復(fù)雜的工具，還學(xué)會了說話并且形成了一些社會禮儀。在逆境中生存將人類變得更加有恒心和毅力。Seligman教授說道：“因?yàn)槲覀兊拇竽X是在一個(gè)充滿冰川，洪水和饑荒的年代進(jìn)化來的，我們的大腦經(jīng)歷了太多患難—災(zāi)難性，所以我們的大腦的運(yùn)作模式就是 “發(fā)現(xiàn)哪里出了問題”。但問題是，這在更新世那樣的時(shí)代是起作用的，在那時(shí)這對人類是有益的，但是在現(xiàn)代社會就不起作用了。 E 盡管大多數(shù)人評價(jià)自己很幸福，但是大量證據(jù)顯示消極的想法還是在人類心中根深蒂固。實(shí)驗(yàn)顯示，較成功而言，失敗更容易被我們牢牢記住。我們總是在思想一些不順利的事情，而不是那些順利的好的事情。在6種基本的情緒中，有4種是消極的，它們是：生氣，害怕，厭惡和悲傷，而只有一種是積極的，它就是喜悅。(第6種情緒是驚奇，屬于中性。)心理學(xué)家同時(shí)也是《幸福》這本書的作者Daniel Nettle和皇家學(xué)院的一位學(xué)者認(rèn)為，消極的情緒總是告訴我們“一些不好的事情已經(jīng)發(fā)生了”，從而會讓我們采取不一樣的行動。 F 究竟是什么樣的大腦結(jié)構(gòu)讓我們會傾向于有消極的想法呢?“快樂”這樣的情緒有生物學(xué)基礎(chǔ)嗎?愛荷華大學(xué)的神經(jīng)學(xué)家研究了當(dāng)人們看到令人愉悅的圖片和讓人不舒服的圖片時(shí)的情況。當(dāng)人們看到風(fēng)景或是海豚玩耍時(shí)，大腦的額葉會變得活躍。但是當(dāng)他們看到一些讓人不舒服的圖片比如說一只小鳥被埋在土里時(shí)，或是一個(gè)戰(zhàn)死的戰(zhàn)士面部還有部分缺失時(shí)，大腦最原始的部分會做出反應(yīng)。這種識別消極情緒的能力是從古時(shí)候大腦進(jìn)化早期形成的危險(xiǎn)識別系統(tǒng)來的。大腦前額葉皮質(zhì)是產(chǎn)生幸福感的部位，是用來進(jìn)行一些高級的思考，是人類晚些時(shí)期進(jìn)化來的。 G 據(jù)Daniel Nettle所言，研究的困難在于大腦對于“喜歡”和“欲望”(wanting and liking)的機(jī)制是分開的，“欲望”涉及兩個(gè)最初大腦發(fā)育的部位，也就是扁桃體和神經(jīng)大腦區(qū)，它們通過化學(xué)多巴酚傳遞信息來形成大腦的獎勵機(jī)制。它們常常是讓人們很期待吃完東西的*或是對藥品上癮。小白鼠會不停地?fù)舸驏艡趤慝@取對大腦“欲望”情緒的電*，而忽略異性同伴，但是獲得大腦*的小白鼠雖然吃得更多，但是并沒有跡象表明它在吃到自己渴想的食物后有一種滿足感。對人而言，像尼古丁這樣的物質(zhì)會讓人想要攝取更多但是卻帶來很少的*。 H 從本質(zhì)上來看，生物課可以告訴我們消極的情緒是人類生存的基本情緒，所以難怪它很難根除。與此同時(shí)，讓人覺得很詭異的是，我們的大腦總是想要的很多，但是卻很難真正得到持續(xù)的幸福感。 參考答案: Version 19104 主題 幸福的科學(xué)解釋 14 B 15 A 16 F 17 C 18 G 19 H 20 E 21 Candy 22 definition 23 a catastrophic brain 24 landscapes or dolphins playing 25 (more) primitive parts 26 D 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